HISTORY OF SALMON ACTS

• 1030 – EARLIEST KNOWN EDICT RESTRICTING SALMON FISHING IN SCOTLAND
• 1215 – MAGNA CARTA - DISMANTLE THE KING’S FISH WIERS TO PROTECT SALMON IN ENGLAND
• 1424 - ACT BANNING WEIRS THAT BLOCKED FISH MIGRATION AND SET CLOSED SEASON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION
• 1828 – ABOVE ACT WAS REPEALED AND REPLACED WITH ‘ACT FOR THE PRESERVATION OF SALMON FISHERIES IN SCOTLAND’
• RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED – KING’S GAP – Well Fed Three year old pig stand sideways in stream without touching
• 1429 – ACT AUTHORIZING SCOTSMEN TO POACH SALMON IN ENGLAND

ATLANTIC SALMON LEGISLATION & WAR

• AMERICAN REVOLUTION – BRITISH GAVE FISHING RIGHTS TO U.S. IN “ALL OF HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY’S DOMINIONS”
• WAR OF 1812 – UNSUCCESSFULLY TRIED TO REVOKE US FISHING RIGHTS. 1829 OVER 90% OF BOATS IN BAY OF FUNDY U.S.

PACIFIC SALMON LEGISLATION & WAR

• 1936 – JAPAN OPERATES OCEAN FACTORY SHIP FISHERY OFF ALASKA. US SAYS ‘HANDS OFF OUR SALMON’
• 1941 – PEARL HARBOR BOMBED – SHIPS WERE NEEDED FOR THE WAR EFFORT AND SALMON STOCKS REBOUNDED

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HISTORY LESSONS LEARNED?

• WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM A THOUSAND YEARS OF SALMON HISTORY?
• REASONS FOR DECLINE STAY THE SAME
• OVERFISHING
• DAMS
• HABITAT
• EACH ENTITY BLAMES THE OTHERS

RESEARCH! REVIEW! REFORM! ……REMEMBER?

• ISRP, ISAB, HSRG, ICTRT, ETC……..
• PROBLEMS REMAIN THE SAME
• HYDRO (DAMS OF ALL KINDS)
• HARVEST
• HABITAT
• HATCHERIES

SALMON RECOVERY RECOMMENDATION FOR MAINE RIVERS ( Maine Commissioners of Fisheries, 1869)

• To restore the sea fish (salmon) to our waters these conditions are essential:
• First, that fishways be built over all impassable dams
• Second, that excessive fishing be prevented
• Third, that the waters not be poisoned
• Fourth, that in some cases fish be bred in the waters to be restocked

VIABLE SALMONID POPULATIONS (VSP) AVOIDING RISK OF EXTINCTION (INTERIOR COLUMBIA BASIN TECHNICAL RECOVERY TEAM ‘07)

• ABUNDANCE
• PRODUCTIVITY
• SPATIAL STRUCTURE
• DIVERSITY

Yakima Basin Fish & Wildlife Recovery Board

• Alex Conley – Executive Director
• David Bowen – Kittitas County Commisioner
• Nancy Lillquist – City of Ellensburg Council Member
• Matt Bleich – City of West Richland Council Member
• Jeff Tayer – Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife
• Paul Ward – Yakama Nation Fisheries Program Manager

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Yakima River Salmon by Species, 1982 - Present

YAKIMA/KLICKITAT FISHERIES PROJECT (YKFP)

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SPECIES TARGETED IN YKFP

• ALL STOCKS IN BASIN - TIERED
• SPRING CHINOOK INITIAL STOCK 1997
• COHO FEASIBILITY PART OF PROGRAM
• FALL CHINOOK 1998
• STEELHEAD – MODELING, PLANNING, (and KELT RECONDITIONING)
• OTHER STOCKS OF ABOVE SPECIES REVIEWED FOR POTENTIAL

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SUPPLEMENTATION GOAL: IMPROVE NATURAL PRODUCTION

• 1. Increase Survival
• Maintain Demographic Traits of Wild Fish
• 3. Maintain Homing and Spawning Site Selection
• 4. Reproduce Successfully!

Cle Elum Supplementation & Research Facility

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MISSION OF FACILITY

• Collect Broodstock
• Enumerate Spawning Escapement
• Monitor Characteristics of Escapement (age, length, weight, DNA,)
• Enumerate Hatchery Returns (by Treatment, Acclimation Site and Brood Year)

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BROODSTOCK COLLECTION GENETIC GUIDELINES

• COLLECTION THROUGHOUT ADULT RUN TIMING
• RANDOM COLLECTION OF ADULTS
• TAKE NO MORE THAN 50% OF ADULTS INTO HATCHERY (HALF THE ADULTS SPAWN IN THE WILD)
• Integrated Hatchery Concept - PNI

Hatchery Reform: Genetic Integration vs. Segregation of Hatchery Broodstocks

Historical Hatchery Problem: Unknown gene flow between two environments

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REARING CRITERIA for BY’s 1997-2001

• OPTIMUM CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT-OCT
• PRODUCTION VESSEL – 100’X10’X3.5’
• LOW DENSITY – 0.75 LB/FT3
• 45,000 FISH PER VESSEL
• TEMPERATURE – <55F
• SEMI-NATURAL TREATMENT -SNT – IDENTICAL TO OCT - PLUS
• OVERHEAD COVER,
• SUBSTRATE,
• INSTREAM COVER,
• UNDERWATER FEEDERS

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PIT-Tag data transfer

• Fish volitionally leave acclimation raceways, starting March 15 (screens pulled, all ponds).
• PIT-Tag data retrieved from migration channel detection system.
• Data downloaded to PTAGIS system, distributed to YKFP data managers.
• Fish movement posted on website YKFP.org.

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Yakima River Spring Chinook by Stock, 1982 - Present

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Current Hi-Low Study – Survival vs. Precocialism

• Program appeared to increase precocial fish on the spawning grounds.
• Hypothesized that growth regime allows earlier sexual maturity.
• Designed study to evaluate effects of high vs lower growth rate on survival and precocializm.

DOMESTICATION RESEARCH

• Supplementation Line – S
• Wild Control Line – WC
• Hatchery Control Line – HC
• Potential to evaluate the level of domestication that is occurring in the YKFP Supplementation Line (S) and compare to the Hatchery Control Line (HC) of traditional hatcheries as well as an unsupplemented population (W).

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DOMESTICATION – HYPOTHETICAL OUTCOMES

JUVENILE TRAITS

• Emergence Timing
• Kd at Emergence
• Egg-fry Survival
• Developmental Abnormalities
• Fry-Smolt Survival
• Juvenile morphology
• Smolt survival
• Natural Smolt Survival

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Juvenile Fish Separator DNA Stock Analysis

ADULT TRAITS MONITORED

• Adult Recruits
• Age Composition
• Sex-at-Age
• Sex Ratio/Age
• Run Timing
• Spawn Timing
• Fecundity

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IMPROVE NATURAL PRODUCTION

• 3. Maintain Homing and Site Selection
• * Homing to Acclimation Sites
• * Redd Characterization and Selection
• Reproductive Success
• * Laboratory
• * Spawning Channel
• * Hatchery & Wild Precocials

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Spawning Channel

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Thursday June 14 – Fish Science

• Spring Chinook (Cont)
• Ecological Interactions
• Fish and Bird Predation
• Flip Flop – What it is, and What it’s Done
• Coho Salmon Reintroduction
• Fall Chinook Supplementation
• Steelhead Stock I.D., Spawner Surveys, Kelts
• Bull Trout Abundance and Distribution
• Sockeye Reintroduction
• Water Storage Updates

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Monitoring and Evaluation of Avian Predation on Juvenile Salmonids on the Yakima River, Washington

• Ann E. Stephenson
• Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project
• Yakama Nation Fisheries

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Fall Chinook Supplementation

OTHER RESEARCH and HABITAT PROGRAMS:

• Steelhead Kelt Reconditioning
• Bull Trout Evaluations
• Habitat Protection and Enhancement
  • Riparian Restoration
  • Land Use Planning
  • Watershed Restoration
  • Water Trusts & Enhancement
• Dam Passage

Reconditioned Kelt - Before and After

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Lake Cle Elum and Watershed

Cle Elum Dam Passage Study Outfall of Flume into River

HABITAT ENHANCEMENT IMPROVING CULVERT PASSAGE

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BREACHING DIKES AND LARGE WOOD

Riparian Restoration and Education

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NEW WILDLIFE SECTION

• COUGARS
• SPOTTED OWLS
• ELK

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